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Brave New World by Aldous Huxley (1932)

Brave New World by Aldous Huxley (1932)I picked up Aldous Huxley’s classic Brave New World with knowledge of its dystopian themes, but with no real awareness of its story; vague recollections of soma and babies being created mechanically, but nothing really beyond that. It’s amazing how in a culture in which we are continually spoiled or assumed to have a certain level of knowledge about canonical texts, somehow, basic information about Brave New World had passed me by. Set in the distant future, civilized society has taken technology and the methods of mechanical reproduction to every aspect of human life – the physical birthing process and concept of mothers are abhorred in favour of chemically differentiated humans assigned to castes according to tasks that need to be performed within society, work is performed in exchange for the perfect drug soma, promiscuity and carnality are encouraged, and above all the collective social order is more important than the individual. Within this system, Bernard Marx finds himself feeling “different” but it isn’t until he returns from a savage reservation with the naturally birthed son of Bernard’s Director that the social order can be examined from an outsiders perspective.

‘But people never are alone now,’ said Mustapha Mond. ‘We make them hate solitude; and we arrange their lives so that it’s almost impossible for them ever to have it.’

Bernard Marx is such a complex character, he is for the most part of the novel the sole voice of protest but he is too afraid to really express it, surrounded as he is by others who have been successfully conditioned to passively accept everything on offer. When John revolts against the impassive acceptance of his mothers death and refusal to see his grief, Bernard just stands back unable to join him. In his heart, and in his thoughts he knows that the methods of distraction are against everything he wants to stand for, but because he is both critical and part of society he just cannot separate himself entirely because it is all he knows. I didn’t wholly understand the point Huxley was driving toward until John (the Savage) meets with the Controller, Mustapha Mond, and Mond discusses the basis of the civilized world to the alienated and confused John. It wasn’t until this point when all everything started fitting together for me, and became truly horrifying – and started to mirror aspects of our own culture as well. The cult of positivity, the fear of solitude, the use of entertainment to dull people. Here’s a graphic which lends the comparison to today a stark relevance, and compares the future as envisioned by Huxley to that of George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four.

‘But I don’t want comfort. I want God, I want poetry, I want real danger, I want freedom, I want goodness. I want sin.’
‘In fact,’ said Mustapha Mond, ‘you’re claiming the right to be unhappy.’
‘All right, then,’ said the Savage defiantly, ‘I’m claiming the right to be unhappy.’
‘Not to mention the right to grow old and ugly and impotent; the right to have syphilis and cancer; the right to have too little to eat; the right to be lousy; the right to live in constant apprehension of what may happen tomorrow; the right to catch typhoid; the right to be tortured by unspeakable pains of every kind.’
There was a long silence.
‘I claim them all,’ said the Savage at last.
Mustapha Mond shrugged his shoulders. ‘You’re welcome,’ he said.

I’m still stunned and taken aback by how powerful the final chapters of Huxley’s novel are. Reeling, I suppose one would say. I think my experience of Brave New World is going benefit immensely from multiple rereads, there was so much going on that didn’t become clear to me until the end. I feel completely unable to articulate how deeply it has shaken me. I wonder whether this paralyzing inability to write about Brave New World stems from the power and continuing relevance of its message or from the novels prestigious reputation. It’s the same feeling I had when I was reading The Heart is a Lonely Hunter for the first time (yes, I can really tie Carson McCullers into any and every book discussion I have.), the feeling of “yes. Yes. Yes! Someone else gets it.” I’m sure it’s just a matter of synchronicity, simply discovering it at the right time.

Tobacco Road by Erskine Caldwell (1932)

Tobacco Road by Erskine Caldwell

Tobacco Road by Erskine Caldwell

Erskine Caldwell’s Tobacco Road examines the harsh poverty in the daily life of the Lester family. Jeeter Lester is a failed sharecropper whose family are starving and all but two of his seventeen children have abandoned him. Jeeter’s sister, a widowed preacher, arrives and lures his son Dude into marriage.

Jeeter Lester is such a curious character. He is driven by a faith in nature, a faith in God, despite numerous setbacks which he solely accredits to the work of God; but it is a misguided religious faith, almost an excuse for not taking responsibility for his own livelihood. Then there is the faith of preacher Sister Bessie, whose religious devotion does not seem to be any more active that Jeeter’s. Her motivation for marrying Dude is unclear, the marriage doesn’t seem to benefit her – and this is a tale devoid of all love, marriage is a business transaction.

Pearl would not talk. She would not say a word, no matter how persuasive Lov tried to be, nor how angry he was; she even hid from Lov when he came home from the coal chute, and when he found her, she slipped away from his grasp and ran off into the broom-sedge out of sight. Sometimes she would even stay in the broom-sedge all night, remaining out there until Lov went to work the next morning.
Pearl had never talked, for that matter. Not because she could not, but simply because she did not want to.

There is always the undercurrent of suggested violence, especially against women. Lov and his child bride Pearl Lester, all of 12 years old and refuses to speak to or sleep in the same room as him. The position of women in Tobacco Road is perplexing. They are wives who fail, according to their husbands, their duties both around the home and sexually. Ellie May and Sister Bessie are physically deformed: Ellie May with her reparable harelip (which Jeeter keeps talking about how he will take her to get it fixed, but after eighteen years still hasn’t managed to provide for her), Sister Bessie with her absent nose – just two black holes in her face. The male characters continually point out these physical attributes, often claiming that it prevents them from being able to find a man. This continual degradation of the female characters made me feel uncomfortable.

The novel sometimes appears to be repetitive – characters repeat the same action or speak the same words over and over. At first I thought it was lazy writing, reducing the characters to mere simpletons with very little internal, emotional processes; but the more I thought about it, the more it seemed that this repetition worked to keep them within the vicious cycle of poverty. Jeeter talks about how all he needs is a mule and cotton seed – at least once each chapter – but he just doesn’t have the motivation or means to actually do it. Talking about it, knowing the way out, but being unable to translate that into action keeps the Lester family in their state. Jeeter prides himself on maintaining tradition, without realizing that it comes at the expense of progress.

Save Me the Waltz by Zelda Fitzgerald (1932)

Save Me the Waltz by Zelda FitzgeraldSave Me the Waltz was written by Zelda Fitzgerald in the six hectic weeks while recovering from a breakdown. It is intensely autobiographical: Southern belle Alabama Beggs meets promising artist David Knight during war-time service, and marries him; prolonged honeymoon in Prohibition New York ‘when it was always tea-time or late at night’; then expatriate years in Paris and on the Riviera lived ‘at a broken, strident tempo’; next, Alabama’s belated efforts to succeed as a ballet-dancer … a jealous attempt to rival her husband’s fame. Save me the Waltz was a similar real-life attempt. But Zelda Fitzgerald’s book emerges as much more than a document of spite. It is a forceful, truthful picture of legendary marriage in a fabulous age: one of the most shattering self-portraits of a woman ever committed to paper.

There is a great difficult in looking at this book objectively, especially as so much of it mirrors Zelda and F. Scott Fitzgerald’s lives together. It raises all sorts of questions in regards to the – in this case – very fine line between autobiography and fiction. I have to wonder how much of writing this book was intended as therapeutic catharsis – remembering that she wrote this in a short period after a nervous breakdown, and also that F. Scott Fitzgerald had co-opted much of their life into his fictional work. As I read this book I had to wonder how much I was imagining Zelda and Francis Scott as Alabama and David rather than letting the prose create the idea these characters for me. The truth is I was letting the mythology of Zelda and Francis shape my reading of the book. Despite the lovely luscious writing, there is very little characterization – so it becomes almost necessary to draw upon the rich biographical reserves of the famous author and her husband in order to create a full image. The characters just seem to drift along on the heady, poetic writing.

Fitzgerald uses a lot of unusual and obscure language in this book, and it is helpful to keep a thorough dictionary on hand while working your way through it; I imagine that a lot of words have simply fallen out of daily or fashionable usage in the seventy seven years that have passed since it was first published. However, the eccentric use of language does not make the book entirely impenetrable. The fact that the narrative, plot and character are too often buried beneath her wonderful use of language makes this an uneven, but not unaffecting book.

Alabama could not read the letter. It was in French. She tore it in a hundred little pieces and scattered it over the black water of the harbour beneath the masts of many fishing boats from Shanghai and Madrid, Colombia and Portugal. Though it broke her heart, she tore the picture too. It was the most beautiful thing she’d ever owned in her life, that photograph. What was the use of keeping it? Jacques Chevre-Feuille had gone to China. There wasn’t a way to hold on to the summer, no French phrase to preserve its rising broken harmonies, no hopes to be salvaged from a cheap French photograph. Whatever it was that she wanted from Jacques, Jacques took it with him to squander on the Chinese. You took what you wanted from life, if you could get it, and you did without the rest.

Ballet Rehearsal by Edgar Degas (1873)

Ballet Rehearsal by Edgar Degas (1873)

The first section of the book, following Alabama Beggs’ coming of age and the stories about her overbearing father and her compliant mother and her varied sisters is interesting, full of Southern charm and lilting nostalgia. This section is disappointingly short and moves quickly on to Alabama’s marriage to David Knight. Here everything gets lost in a nebulous blur as the couple embark on a continental adventure, engaging in parties with socialites and indulging in various affairs. It loses some charm here, which doesn’t pick up again until the rather beige character of David all but disappears in the third section, in which Alabama devotes herself to ballet. Again, here is a scenario close to Zelda’s own life – she too started to practice ballet late in her twenties, driving herself to mental and physical exhaustion.

At night she sat in the window too tired to move, consumed by a longing to succeed as a dancer. It seemed to Alabama that, reaching her goal, she would drive the devils that had driven her – that, in proving herself, she would achieve that peace which she imagined went only in surety of one’s self – that she would be able, through the medium of the dance, to command her emotions, to summon love or pity or happiness at will, having provided a channel through which they might flow. She drove herself mercilessly, and the summer dragged on.

The language here creates a vivid sense of atmosphere, and the characters she meets in the ballet studio are interesting – even funny – in their singular obsession of dancing success, but it is a bit aimless. Intriguingly poetic and dream-like, but without any narrative force. Her prose is engaging and evocative enough to ignore the lack for the most part.

Zelda Fitzgerald

Zelda Fitzgerald

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